清化方治疗重症肺炎(痰热壅肺证)的临床研究

目的观察自拟清化方治疗重症肺炎(痰热壅肺证)患者的疗效。方法患者74例随机分为观察组与对照组各37例,对照组予西医常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用清化方治疗,分别于5、10 d后比较两组疗效。结果治疗5 d后,两组炎症指标、临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)、序贯器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA评分)、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHⅡ评分)、中医证候评分与治疗前比较,均显著改善(P<0.05);观察组在APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分等方面与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组炎症指标、CPIS评分、SOFA评分、APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组在降钙素原(PCT)、APACHⅡ评分、中医证候评分等方面与治疗5 d后及对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组总有效率为80.00%,显著高于对照组的68.97%(P<0.05)。结论清化方对重症肺炎实证患者有较好的疗效,能有效改善患者的炎症反应,调整脏器功能,减轻患者症状,改善预后。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下肿瘤患者居家防护和饮食指导

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下，肿瘤患者免疫力低下，属于易感人群。营养不良是肿瘤患者最常见的营养问题，肿瘤患者作为特殊的人群值得被关注。本文从患者居家防护与饮食指导方面进行阐述，以期在特殊时期为肿瘤患者提供指导。     

Efficacy of adjunctive nebulized colistin in critically ill patients with nosocomial carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: a multi-centre observational study

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between adjunctive nebulized colistin and treatment outcomes in critically ill patients with nosocomial carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial (CR-GNB) pneumonia.MethodsThis retrospective, multi-centre, cohort study included individuals admitted to the intensive care unit with nosocomial pneumonia caused by colistin-susceptible CR-GNB. Enrolled patients were divided into groups with/without nebulized colistin as adjunct to at least one effective intravenous antibiotic. Propensity score matching was performed in the original cohort (model 1) and a time-window bias-adjusted cohort (model 2). The association between adjunctive nebulized colistin and treatment outcomes was analysed.ResultsIn total, 181 and 326 patients treated with and without nebulized colistin, respectively, were enrolled for analysis. The day 14 clinical failure rate and mortality rate were 41.4% (75/181) versus 46% (150/326), and 14.9% (27/181) versus 21.8% (71/326), respectively. In the propensity score-matching analysis, patients with nebulized colistin had lower day 14 clinical failure rates (model 1: 41% (68/166) versus 54.2% (90/166), p 0.016; model 2: 35.3% (41/116) versus 56.9% (66/116), p 0.001). On multivariate analysis, nebulized colistin was an independent factor associated with fewer day 14 clinical failures (model 1: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.37–0.92; model 2: aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21–0.65). Nebulized colistin was not associated independently with a lower 14-day mortality rate in the time-dependent analysis in both models 1 and 2.ConclusionsAdjunctive nebulized colistin was associated with lower day 14 clinical failure rate, but not lower 14-day mortality rate, in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by colistin-susceptible CR-GNB.     

降钙素原对接受静脉溶栓的急性脑梗死患者发生卒中相关性肺炎的预测价值

目的 探讨降钙素原(Procalcitonin,PCT)对接受静脉溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者发生卒中相关性肺炎(Stroke-associated pneumonia,SAP)的预测价值。方法 回顾性收集2016年1月-2019年12月在本院接受静脉溶栓的急性脑梗死患者的临床资料; 采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析确定脑梗死患者静脉溶栓后发生SAP的独立危险因素; 应用Spearman等级相关分析PCT与SAP的相关性; 利用受试者工作特征(Receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估PCT对静脉溶栓患者发生SAP的预测价值。结果 共纳入157例接受静脉溶栓的急性脑梗死患者,其中56例发生SAP(35.7%); SAP组与非SAP组年龄、吸烟史、基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、吞咽困难、症状性颅内出血、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)以及PCT水平均有明显差异(P<0.05); 依据PCT四分位数将研究对象分组,Spearman相关分析显示PCT水平的升高与SAP的发生呈正相关(r=0.583,P<0.001); Logistic多因素回归分析显示,吞咽困难(OR=4.211,95% CI=1.299～13.654)、症状性颅内出血(OR=9.245,95%CI=1.161～73.635)、CRP水平(OR=1.041,95%CI=1.000～1.083)、PCT第3四分位数(OR=17.651,95%CI=3.361～92.684)和PCT第4四分位数(OR=65.287,95%CI=11.504～370.509)是SAP发生的独立预测因素; ROC曲线分析显示PCT预测静脉溶栓后SAP的曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)为0.875(P<0.001),PCT最佳截断值为0.22 μg/mL时其预测静脉溶栓后SAP的敏感性和特异性分别为85.7%和83.2%,显著优于CRP的预测价值(Z=2.025,P<0.05)。结论 PCT水平升高是急性脑梗死患者接受静脉溶栓后发生SAP的独立预测因素。     

重症肺炎与肺梗死

肺梗死是儿童重症肺炎的少见并发症，多累及下叶近胸膜处，常常继发于肺血栓栓塞，诊断依靠于胸部增强CT检查。关于儿童重症肺炎并发肺梗死的研究较少，相关病因学、流行病学、临床特点等数据缺乏。基于成人的研究提示肺梗死与肺血栓栓塞的临床表现、治疗及预后类似。儿科医师应提高对本病的认识，通过真实世界研究方法发掘客观规律，积累儿科诊治经验。     

Progression of anti-mycoplasma drug therapy in children with refractory mycoplasma pneumonia

The incidence of refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in children is increasing year by year, and the disease is progressing rapidly. It is accompanied by serious complications and legacy effects, seriously affecting the quality of life of children. The selection, dosage, and course of anti-MP drugs in children with RMPP have brought a lot of troubles to pediatric hospitals. In the present study, the characteristics, usage and dosage, drug resistance mechanism, and treatment progress of anti-MP drugs for the treatment of RMPP in children were reviewed. Collectively, our findings provided ideas for the treatment of children with RMPP using anti-MP drugs.     

肺脏超声评价儿童重症肺炎疗效的应用分析

目的:探讨肺脏超声（LUS）评价儿童重症肺炎（SP）疗效的应用价值。方法:选取142例儿童SP患者，回顾性根据临床疗效判断标准分为治愈组75例、好转组49例、无效组18例。分别于入院时、入院第7天和第15天对所有患儿行LUS及X线片检查，观察3组患儿肺部征象，并进行LUS评分。入院第15天时，采用临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）评估3组肺部感染情况，采用血气分析仪检测肺泡-动脉氧分压差（A-aDO2）及氧合指数（OI）水平，采用Pearson相关系数分析入院第15天LUS评分与CPIS、A-aDO2和OI的关系。结果:入院第7天和第15天治愈组患儿LUS评分、坐位B线数和平卧位B线数均少于好转组和无效组（P<0.05）。治愈组患儿胸膜线异常和A线消失率低于好转组和无效组（P<0.05）。治愈组患儿入院时和入院第7天胸腔积液LUS检出率高于X线片（P<0.05），无效组患儿入院时和入院第15天LUS胸腔积液检出率高于X线片（P＜0.05）。治愈组患儿CPIS和A-aDO2水平低于好转组和无效组（P<0.05），OI水平高于好转组和无效组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示，入院第15天LUS评分与CPIS和A-aDO2呈正相关（P<0.05），与OI呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论:LUS及LUS评分能够有效评估儿童SP的临床疗效，且胸腔积液检出率更高，具有较高的临床应用价值。 【关键词】肺脏超声；儿童；重症肺炎；肺脏超声评分；临床疗效